Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, as defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB), are self-identification data items in which residents choose the race or races with which they most closely identify, and indicate whether or not they are of Hispanic or Latino origin (ethnicity).

The racial categories represent a social-political construct designed for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and “generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country.” The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the US Census as not “scientific or anthropological” and takes into account “social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry” using “appropriate scientific methodologies” but not “primarily biological or genetic in reference.”

Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnicities: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino. In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register Notice which provided revised racial and ethnic definitions.

Census 2000

Race

Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate their racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified themselves as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Caution must be used when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.

The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.

• “White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as “White” or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.”

See also: White people and White American

• “Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as ‘Black, African Am., or Negro,’ or provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.”

• “American Indian and Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.”

• “Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes ‘Asian Indian,’ ‘Chinese,’ ‘Filipino,’ ‘Korean,’ ‘Japanese,’ ‘Vietnamese,’ and ‘Other Asian.’

• ‘Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as ‘Native Hawaiian’, ‘Guamanian or Chamorro’, ‘Samoan’, and ‘Other Pacific Islander’.”

See also: Pacific Islander

• “Some other race. Includes all other responses not included in the ‘White’, ‘Black or African American’, ‘American Indian and Alaska Native’, ‘Asian’ and ‘Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander’ race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, Wesort, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the ‘Some other race’ category are included here.”

• “Two or more races. People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses.”

Ethnicity

The Federal government of the United States has mandated that “in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: “Hispanic or Latino” and “Not Hispanic or Latino.”" The Census Bureau defines “Hispanic or Latino” as “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.” For discussion of the meaning and scope of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, see the Hispanic and Latino Americans and Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States articles.

Use of the word ethnicity for Hispanicity only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the “race” and “ancestry” questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans’ also declaring various racial identities (see also White Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Latinos, and Black Hispanic and Latino Americans).

In the 2000 Census, 12.5% of the US population reported Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and 87.5% reported non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.

Other agencies

In 2001, the National Institutes of Health adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15, as did the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the US Department of Labor in 2007. See Race and ethnicity (EEO).

Relation between ethnicity and race in census results

The Census Bureau warns that data on race in Census 2000 are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses. It has also been noted that many US residents see race and ethnicity as the same concept.

2010 Census

The 2010 US Census will have changes designed to more clearly distinguish the Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That may include adding the sentence: “For this census, Hispanic origins are not races.” Additionally, the Hispanic terms will be reordered from “Hispanic or Latino” to “Hispanic, Latino or Spanish origin”.

In response to a very large percentage of Hispanics’ marking “Some other race” (a non-standard category), the 2010 US Census is considering removing the “Some other race” category.

References

1. ^ “American FactFinder Help: Race”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_r.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-08. 
2. ^ “American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-08. 
3. ^ “Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race”. United States Census Bureau. 2001-03-14. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html. Retrieved on 2006-10-15. 
4. ^ ^{a b} “A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15″. American Anthropological Association. 1997. http://www.aaanet.org/gvt/ombdraft.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. 
5. ^ “Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”. Office of Management and Budget. 1997-10-30. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-07. 
6. ^ “1850 United States Federal Census Form” (pdf). U.S. Census Bureau. The Generations Network. 1850. http://c.ancestry.com/pdf/trees/charts/1850.pdf. 
7. ^ “1880 United States Federal Census Form” (pdf). U.S. Census Bureau. The Generations Network. 1880. http://c.ancestry.com/pdf/trees/charts/1880.pdf. 
8. ^ “2000 US Census Short Form” (pdf). U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/d61a.pdf. 
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} “2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File: Race”. U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm. 
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Cassidy, Rachel C. (2001-03). “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief” (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf. 
11. ^ “Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research”. National Institutes of Health. 2001-10-09. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html. 
12. ^ Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1) by the EEOC. The page contains links to FAQs, forms and instructions
13. ^ ^{a b} Waite, Preston. US Census Bureau. “2010 Decennial Census Program.” 2006. accessed July 7, 2008. www.census.gov/sdc/www/0306waite.ppt
14. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2003-01-16). Census Bureau to Test Changes in Questionnaire, New Response Technology. Press release. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/2010_census/000543.html. 

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This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from other articles related to it. (December 2007)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2007) (Find sources: Karen Richardson – news, books, scholar)

Karen Richardson’s 20-year career in the software business includes positions as a key player in several well-known and highly successful companies.

She is currently chairman of the board of directors of San Francisco-based Hi5 Networks Inc., whose Hi5 Web site is the world’s third-largest social-networking site.

More than 80 million users are registered on the site, which is one of the top 20 sites in the world as measured by Internet traffic, according to Alexa Internet. Richardson is also an adviser to Silver Lake Partners, a $16 billion private equity investment firm concentrating solely on technology companies.

Prior to Hi5, Richardson was chief executive of E.piphany, a developer of customer relationship management software. She also held senior sales positions at Netscape Communications Corporation from 1995-1998, during which time Netscape’s sales grew from $80 million to over $500 million annually. Karen was instrumental in establishing Netscape’s presence in the enterprise in verticals such as Telecommunications, Financial Services and Media/Communications. Prior to her position at Netscape, Karen was VP of Worldwide Sales at Collabra Software, Inc.; worked for four years with Lotus Development Corporation in a variety of sales and marketing roles as well as at cc:Mail, and 3Com Corporation.

Richardson holds a BS in Industrial Engineering from Stanford University and award distinctions from the Stanford Industrial Engineering Department and the American Institute of Industrial Engineers (AIIE). She is married to Jon Rubinstein, executive chairman of Palm Inc. and former senior vice president of Apple Inc.’s iPod division.

Her grandfather was a farmer from Saskatchewan who graduated with a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Stanford; her mother entered Stanford at 16 to study mathematics, and her father is also a Stanford alumnus .

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John Roberts Tunis (December 7, 1889 - February 4, 1975) was a well-known and prolific author of juvenile sports fiction. Tunis’s work was unusual in that many of his books included socio-political themes, including war (notably World War II in his novel, His Enemy, His Friend) and racism.

Tunis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of a Unitarian minister (who died when John was six years old). In 1911 he graduated from Harvard, where he was a member of the tennis team, and went on to study law at Boston University. In World War I he served in the U.S. Army in France, rising to second lieutenant. Prior to his fiction career, Tunis reported on sports for the New York Evening Post and later covered tennis for NBC radio, including the first U.S. broadcast from Wimbledon.

Nine of Tunis’s novels were about baseball , most of them dealing with the triumphs and travails of the Brooklyn Dodgers. His most famous creation was Roy Tucker, a pitching phenom who injured his elbow and then fought his way back into baseball as an outfielder, and Tunis surrounded Tucker with a host of supporting players - “Bones” Hathaway, “Razzle” Nugent, “Fat Stuff” Foster - who vividly evoked baseball’s golden age. It has been said that Tunis’s baseball books are “not only the best sports fiction for 10-to-14 year-olds ever written, they are among the best sports fiction - period.” Pete Hamill picked The Kid From Tomkinsville, the first Tunis book to feature Tucker, as one of his five favorite sports novels, writing that “virtually every sportswriter I know remembers reading it as a boy.”

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Elford Albin “Al” Cederberg (March 6, 1918 – April 17, 2006) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.

Biography

Cederberg was born to dairy farmers Albin and Helen (Olson) Cederberg in Bay City, Michigan, where he attended the public schools and at Bay City Junior College (1935-1937).

He entered the United States Army in April 1941, and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in July 1942, became a Captain in 1943, and was assigned to the U.S. 83rd Infantry Division. He participated in the Normandy invasion, and fought in France and Germany during World War II. He was decorated with five campaign battle stars and the Bronze Star. After the war, he was manager of Nelson Manufacturing Company of Bay City 1946-1952, and was mayor of Bay City from 1949 to 1953.

In 1950, Cederberg unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Roy O. Woodruff in the Republican Party primary election for the U.S. House of Representatives in Michigan’s 10th congressional district. Woodruff did not seek the nomination in 1952 and Cederberg won the Republican primary. He went on to win the general election to the 83rd Congress and was subsequently re-elected to the twelve succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1953, until his resignation December 31, 1978. He became the ranking minority member of the House Appropriations Committee. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978 to the 96th Congress, losing to Democrat Donald J. Albosta.

After his resignation from Congress, Cederberg lived in Alexandria, Virginia and was a consultant for United Technologies, RCA, and Grumman Aircraft. He moved to Florida in the late 1990s. Cederberg died of heart and kidney ailments in The Villages, Florida at the age of 88 and was interred in Elm Lawn Cemetery of Bay City. He is survived by two children from his first marriage, Tom Cederberg of Bay City, and Marilyn Warner of The Villages, a granddaughter, and a great-grandson. His first marriage to Arlene Munro Cederberg ended in divorce. His second wife, Marguerite “Peg” Kletchka Cederberg, whom he married in 1958, died in March 2006.

Cederberg was a member of American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Freemasons, Elks, Lions, and Odd Fellows. He was a close friend of U.S. President Gerald Ford, with whom he served alongside for many years as part of the Michigan Congressional delegation to Congress.

See also

World War II portal

United States Army portal

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Juventude (Fogo)

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Juventude (Portuguese meaning: “youth”, Capeverdean Crioulo, ALUPEC and ALUPEK and Fogo Crioulo: Juventudi) is a sports club that its football (soccer) team had played in the Premier division and plays in the Fogo Island League in Cape Verde. It is based in the island of Fogo.

Apart from football (soccer) there are also in the club basketball, volleyball and athletics departments.

This article about an Cape Verdean football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventude_(Fogo)”
Categories: Cape Verdean football clubs | Fogo, Cape Verde | Cape Verdean football club stubs

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ST

Swedish Union of Civil Servants
Statstjänstemannaförbundet
Members	97,000
Country	Sweden
Affiliation	TCO
Key people	Annette Carnhede, president
Office location	Stockholm, Sweden
Website	www.stmf.se

The Swedish Union of Civil Servants (ST) is a trade union in Sweden. With a membership of 97,000 it is the largest union of civil servants in the country.

ST is affiliated with the Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees.

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Kirra Gold Coast, Queensland
LGA:	Gold Coast City
State District:	Kirra
Federal Division:	Moncrieff

Kirra is a beach-side suburb of the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia. The small rocky headland Kirra Point separates Kirra beach to the north and Coolangatta beach to the south, and is noted as one of the world’s premier surf breaks.

In the past the surf break was known for producing high quality barrels. Today sand pumping across the Tweed River mouth has filled it in and changed its character.

In May 1972 the Government of Queensland built a groyne, now called “big groyne”, extending Kirra Point, to trap sand on Coolangatta beach to the south. The growing tourist industry there relied on sandy beaches and the Coolangatta stretch had been plagued by erosion problems. Surfers were against the plan, believing it would kill the break, and they held protest meetings. They were right about its effect on the surf, for the following year a deep hole formed off the groyne. But after that first year the sand returned and it broke as well as ever.

A second smaller barrier, called “little groyne” was later built a short distance north on Kirra beach. Since then, the big groyne has been partially removed and both groynes have been almost completely covered by sand from the sand pumping.

There have been environmental effects of the sand pumping on the reef. A popular diving area with sea-life including Manta rays and Wobbegongs has been buried over since the pumping started. Dive companies have relocated or turned their focus to other smaller reef areas. The sand pumping contract held on the area is in place until year 2024, when the contract will be re-evaluated.

Kirra timeline

• Early 1970s — Big Groyne built at Kirra’s south end.
• 1995 — 30 metres taken off Big Groyne to help fight erosion at Greenmount Beach.
• 2001 — Start of Tweed River sand bypass project.
• 2003 — Little Groyne completely buried in sand.
• 2006 — Project launched by Griffith University Coastal Management Centre to restore the beach.

See also

• Suburbs of the Gold Coast

References

1. ^ Sean Doherty, MP: The Life of Michael Peterson, Harper Collins, 2004, ISBN 0-7322-7609-8.

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Pottawattamie Park, Indiana
Coordinates: 41°43?15?N 86°52?2?W? / ?41.72083°N 86.86722°W? / 41.72083; -86.86722
Country	United States
State	Indiana
County	LaPorte
Township	Michigan
Area
- Total	0.3 sq mi (0.6 km2)
- Land	0.3 sq mi (0.6 km2)
- Water	0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Population (2000)
- Total	300
- Density	1,196.9/sq mi (462.1/km2)
Time zone	Central (CST) (UTC-6)
- Summer (DST)	CDT (UTC-5)
FIPS code	18-61488

Pottawattamie Park is a town in Michigan Township, LaPorte County, Indiana, United States. The population was 300 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Michigan City, Indiana-La Porte, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography

Pottawattamie Park is located at 41°43?15?N 86°52?2?W? / ?41.72083°N 86.86722°W? / 41.72083; -86.86722 (41.720889, -86.867177). It is completely surrounded by the city of Michigan City.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.6 km²), all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 300 people, 121 households, and 86 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,196.9 people per square mile (463.3/km²). There were 127 housing units at an average density of 506.7/sq mi (196.1/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 80.00% White, 16.33% African American, 0.67% Asian, 1.33% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.67% of the population.

There were 121 households out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the town the population was spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $46,750. Males had a median income of $63,750 versus $22,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,383. About 3.4% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.5% of those sixty five or over.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 
2. ^ “US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990″. United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 

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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (January 2007)

This article needs references that appear in reliable third-party publications. Primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject are generally not sufficient for a Wikipedia article. Please add more appropriate citations from reliable sources. (August 2007)

Cherry-flavoured 11 oz. bottle (Generation #1)

Clearly Canadian (also known as Clearendary Clean) is a flavoured sweet sparkling water produced by Clearly Canadian Beverage Corporation in Vancouver, British Columbia. Clearly Canadian was extremely popular in the 1980s and early 90s, but fell out of favor in later years, possibly due to formula changes. Recently restored to their original formula, Clearly Canadian is now in the beginning stages of a comeback.

Flavors

Cherry-flavored 14 oz. bottle (Generation #2)

Clearly Canadian comes in a variety of flavors:

• Blackberry
• Cherry
• Strawberry
• Raspberry

And under their “ZERO” (so named due to Splenda being used as a sweetener) lineup:

• Pink Grapefruit
• Blueberry

Beverage contents

Cherry-flavored 14 oz. bottle (Generation #3)

Cherry flavor contains the following:

• natural water from Canada
• cane sugar
• carbon dioxide
• Citric acid
• natural flavor

Clearly Canadian was briefly sweetened with a blend of sucralose and cane sugar, but was restored to its original formula in 2006 after customer disapproval.

Bottle history

The three generations of the bottle are shown to the right. The first generation is an 11 oz. conical bottle and the second generation is a 14 oz. tapered cylindrical bottle with different mod designs on each flavor’s bottle. In 2006 the bottle received a third design that is once again clear and has textured maple leaves around the top. This bottle also has “Canadian” definitions of distinctly Canadian terms such as Rough Riders. All have an aluminum screw-on cap with built-in tamper-proof (the lower portion of the cap breaks when opened).

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